Low urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men are bothersome and life quality affecting conditions, having different etiology ^[1]. While they are often considered to be only prostate related, it is nowadays widely accepted that many anatomical and functional changes could lead to LUTS – benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), urethral strictures, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, stones, tumors etc ^[2]. (Fig. 1)

LUTS prevalence is above 55% among the population aged >18y.o. and was slightly higher in men than women (62.8% vs. 59.6%; p = . 004), increasing significantly with age (p = . 001) ^[3]. LUTS can be categorized as storage, voiding, and postmicturition symptoms (Fig. 2) and are present alone or most commonly as a combination of symptoms in every patient ^[4]. The etiology for those combinations of symptoms is not always unambiguous, sometimes arising from prostate enlargement or for instance bladder hyperactivity.

Apart from imaging – most often ultrasound, or uroflowmetry and laboratory tests of blood and urine, an important diagnostic tool for investigation of patients with LUTS is the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) which approaches its 30th anniversary ^[5]. IPSS can be utilized to measure the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms and is a validated, reproducible scoring system to assess disease severity and response to therapy. The IPSS is made up of 7 questions related to voiding and storage symptoms. A score of 0 to 7 indicates mild symptoms, 8 to 19 indicates moderate symptoms and 20 to 35 indicates severe symptoms. (Table 1)

In some men high IPSS score – more severe symptoms respectively, are due to voiding or the opposite – storage symptoms. An analysis of four important epidemiologic studies—the International Continence Society ‘‘Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia’’ (ICSBPH) study, the EPIC survey, the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) survey, and the Epidemiology of LUTS (EpiLUTS) survey ^[6] showed that only 12.1% of the investigated adult male population had purely voiding symptoms and 9,1% - storage only. Most of the cases were patients with combined symptoms – 24,3% with all three groups. (Fig. 3) In addition to that Gacci and al ^[7] report that 46%, almost half of the men with LUTS have also storage component. That means – treating with drugs or surgery only the obstruction will end up with persisting LUTS – the storage ones.

Treatment options for male LUTS include lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy or surgery. For mild cases where symptoms are not bothersome enough for the patient, even watchful waiting is advised ^[8]. Behavioural and dietary modifications include the following lifestyle advices: reduction of fluid intake at specific times aimed at reducing urinary frequency when most inconvenient (e.g., at night or when going out in public); avoidance/moderation of intake of caffeine or alcohol, which may have a diuretic and irritant effect; use of relaxed and double-voiding techniques; urethral milking to prevent post-micturition dribble; mental tricks to take the mind off the bladder and toilet, to help control overactive bladde symptoms; bladder retraining that encourages men to hold on when they have urgency to increase their bladder capacity and the time between voids; reviewing the medication and optimising the time of administration or substituting drugs for others that have fewer urinary effects (these recommendations apply especially to diuretics); providing necessary assistance when there is impairment of dexterity, mobility, or mental state; treatment of constipation ^[9].

Phytotherapy is prescribed in mild to moderate cases when patients want to eliminate the possible side effects of pharmacotherapy. Serenoa repens, pumpkin seeds, pygeum africanum and willow herb are among the historically used herbs. Possible relevant compounds include phytosterols, ß-sitosterol, fatty acids, and lectins ^[10]. In vitro, plant extracts can have anti-inflammatory, anti-androgenic and oestrogenic effects; decrease sexual hormone binding globulin; inhibit aromatase, lipoxygenase, growth factor-stimulated proliferation of prostatic cells, α-adrenoceptors, 5 α-reductase, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, dihydropyridine receptors and vanilloid receptors; and neutralise free radicals ^[11]. The in vivo effects of these compounds are uncertain, and the precise mechanisms of plant extracts remain unclear.

Pharmacological treatment include: α1-Adrenoceptor antagonists (α1-blockers), 5α-reductase inhibitors (5-ARI), muscarinic receptor antagonists, beta-3 agonist and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors. Their usage in different patients, alone or in combinations, depends on the patients’ symptoms, characteristics (age, concomitant therapy and diseases), patients’ expectations (i.e. erectile function).

α1-blockers are available since the 1970s and have fast and significant effect of LUTS in men, especially, but not only – the voiding compound. They aim to inhibit the effect of endogenously released noradrenaline on smooth muscle cells in the prostate and thereby reduce prostate tone and obstruction respectively ^[12]. They are also located in other part of the human body (e.g. urinary bladder and/or spinal cord) which may play a role as mediators of effects. Alpha 1-adrenoceptors in blood vessels, other non-prostatic smooth muscle cells, and the central nervous system may mediate adverse events. Currently available α1-blockers are: alfuzosin, doxazosin, silodosin, tamsulosin, terazosin and naftopidil.

There are many trials proving the α1-blockers efficacy, among them Tamsulosin investigator group, which demonstrated significant improvement in mean change of IPSS and mean change of Q max on uroflowmetry in ml/sec, when comparing placebo and tamsulosin both 0.4mg and 0,8mg ^[13]. (Fig. 4) This improvement was rapid – in the frame of several weeks.

The most frequent adverse events of α1-blockers are asthenia, dizziness and orthostatic hypotension because of vasodilating effects. Patients with cardiovascular co-morbidity and/or vaso-active co-medication may be susceptible to α1-blocker-induced vasodilatation. An adverse ocular event termed intra-operative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) was reported in 2005, affecting cataract surgery^[14]. α1-blockers do not adversely affect libido, or erectile function (ED), but often cause abnormal ejaculation (retrograde).

Antimuscarinics were mainly tested in females in the past, as it was believed that LUTS in men were caused by the prostate, so should be treated with prostate-specific drugs. That proved to be wrong, because men do have also bladder beside their prostates. The detrusor is innervated by parasympathetic nerves whose main neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, which stimulates muscarinic receptors (M-cholinoreceptors) on the smooth muscle cells. Muscarinic receptors are also in bladder urothelial cells and epithelial cells of the salivary glands. Five muscarinic receptor subtypes (M1-M5) have been described, of which M2 and M3 are predominant in the detrusor. Antimuscarinic effects might also be induced or modulated through other cell types, such as the bladder urothelium or by the central nervous system [209]. The following muscarinic receptor antagonists are licensed for treating OAB/storage symptoms: darifenacin, fesoterodine, oxybutynin, solifenacin, tolterodine and trospium chloride. Several studies proved the antimuscarinic effect on male LUTS, especially storage symptoms such as urgency, frequency, incontinence and nocturia, among them Kaplan et al ^[15] where percentage of positive change from baseline is significant, shown on Fig. 5.

Drug-related adverse events include dry mouth (up to 16%), constipation (up to 4%), micturition difficulties (up to 2%), nasopharyngitis (up to 3%), and dizziness (up to 5%). Theoretically antimuscarinics might decrease bladder strength, which might be associated with increase of post residual volume (PVR) or urinary retention when used in men with obstructive prostate ^[16].

A combination between α1-blockers and antimuscarinics is logical, taking into account their synergy and predominantly pronounced effect of α1-blockers on voiding and of antimuscarinics on storage symptoms. The NEPTUN study ^[17] compares the effect of tamsulosin alone vs combination with solifenacin. Men with IPSS more than 13, and with more than two episodes of urgency per day were included. Mean improvement in IPSS, mean change in the number of micturition per day and mean change of the urine volume per micturition were all significantly better when using combination therapy. (Fig. 6)

This data is supported by the results of EUROPA study when following patient starting combination therapy Tam/Sol after not sufficient response of monotherapy with Tamsulosin alone. Different aspects of quality of life (QoL) are all significantly better when using combination therapy ^[18]. (Fig. 7)

Adverse events of both drug classes are seen with combined treatment using α1-blockers and antimuscarinics. The most common side-effect is dry mouth. Some side-effects (dry mouth or ejaculation failure) may show increased incidence which cannot simply be explained by summing the incidence with the drugs used separately. Increased PVR may be seen, but is usually not clinically significant, and risk ofacute urinary retention (AUR) is low up to one year of treatment, especially when PVR before treatment is below 150ml ^[19].

The effect of some antimuscarinics which cross the blood-brain barrier (i.e. Solifenacin) to the central nervous system can worsen cognitive function especially in older men. Polypragmasy is quite common in elderly and the usage of antimuscarinics in combination with other drugs with antimuscarinic effect should be cautious.

Long-term therapeutic data show that the combination of α1-blockers and antimuscarinics is much better than the monotherapy for LUTS with regard to storage symptoms and quality of life improves significantly. Side effects of combination therapy are similar to those of both drugs alone. The risk of AUR is small, but combination therapy should be avoided in men with PVR more than 150ml. Caution in elderly patients taking a lot of other drugs and with cognitive decline is advised when using antimuscarinics.